Surf these sites: Alfred North Whitehead -- Entry from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by A. D. Irvine. Animal Consciousness -- n discussions of nonhuman animal (hereafter "animal") consciousness there is no clearly agreed upon sense in which the term "consciousness" is used. As a part of folk psychology, "consciousness" has a multitude of uses that may not be resolvable into a single, coherent concept. Two ordinary senses of consciousness which are not in dispute when applied to animals are the difference between wakefulness and sleep (or unconsciousness), and the ability of organisms to perceive (and in this sense be conscious or aware of) selected features of their environments. Aristotle''s Political Theory -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D. Miller, Jr. Arthur Prior -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Bernard Bosanquet -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Category Theory -- This expository article is an entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Causal Processes -- Taking their point of departure from what science tells us about the world rather than from our everyday concept of a `process'', philosophers interested in analysing causal processes have tended to see the chief task to be to distinguish causal processes such as atoms decaying and billiard balls moving across the table from pseudo processes such as moving shadows and spots of light. These philosophers have found, in the notion of a causal process, a key to understanding causation in general. Church-Turing Thesis -- Article in the Stanford Encyclopedia. Cosmology and Theology -- Reasoning known as the cosmological argument tries to justify belief in God by pointing to the existence of the cosmos, its causal orderliness, and alleged evidence of its being in some sense designed to include life and intelligence. Some cosmologists believe, however, that the existence and order of the cosmos can be accounted for scientifically. Descartes'' Epistemology -- René Descartes'' approach to the theory of knowledge plays a prominent role in shaping the agenda of early modern philosophy. It continues to effect the way problems in epistemology are conceived today. Dialetheism -- A dialetheia is a true contradiction, a statement, A, such that both it and its negation, A, are true. Hence, dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. Dialetheism opposes the so-called Law of Non-Contradiction. By Graham Priest, from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Donald Davidson -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Existence -- Survey article from the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Barry Miller. Francis Herbert Bradley -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Friedrich Nietzsche -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Gottlob Frege -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Hegel, G. W. F. -- entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Holes -- Holes are an interesting case-study for ontologists and epistemologists. From the Stanford Encyclopedia. Karl Popper -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Logical Constructions -- Bertrand Russell referred to several different definitions and philosophical analyses as providing "logical constructions" of certain entities and expressions. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Bernard Linsky. Medieval Theories of Conscience -- From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Doug Langston. Paul Feyerabend -- Biographical and expository essay from the Stanford Encyclopedia, by John Preston. Principia Mathematica -- Entry by A.D. Irvine in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, discussing Russell and Whitehead''s treatise. Private Language -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopaedeia of Philosophy. Probabilistic Causation -- "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism. Russell''s Paradox -- Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by A. D. Irvine. Russell, Bertrand -- information, chronology, bibliograpy and various resources - the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Sorites Paradox -- Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Dominic Hyde. Square of Opposition -- Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Terence Parsons. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy -- Biographical and expository essay on Thomas Aquinas, by Ralph McInerny. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry -- This is a very complete description of the prisoner''s dilemma and its variations. Stoicism -- Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Dirk Baltzly. Søren Kierkegaard -- Essay about Kierkegaard''s life, work, and philosophy. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William McDonald. The Identity of Indiscernibles -- The Identity of Indiscernibles is a principle of analytic ontology first explicitly formulated by Leibniz. It states that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other. The Language of Thought Hypothesis -- Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia by Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language. Tropes -- A trope is an instance or bit (not an exemplification) of a property or a relation. The appeal of tropes for philosophers is as an ontological basis free of the postulation of obscure abstract entities such as propositions and universals. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by John Bacon. Turing Machine -- Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia. Vagueness -- Article in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, by Roy Sorensen. Wilfrid Sellars -- Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
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